Fibonacci heap
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A Fibonacci heap is a heap data structure similar to the binomial heap, only with a few modifications and a looser structure. The Fibonacci heap was designed in order to improve Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm from O(m \log n) to O(m + n \log n) by optimising the operations used most by the algorithm. Its name derives from the fact that the Fibonacci sequence is used in the complexity analysis of its operations.
Textbooks
Here are two CS textbooks I personally recommend; the Algorithm Design Manual (Steven S. Skiena) is a fantastic introduction to data structures and algorithms without getting to deep into the maths side of things, and Introduction to Algorithms (CLRS) which provides a much deeper, math heavy look.